Cecily Neville, Duchess of York Mother of Kings

Cecily Neville was the great-granddaughter of one king, Edward III of England (and his wife Philippa of Hainault); the wife of a would-be king, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York; and the mother of two kings: Edward IV and Richard III, Through Elizabeth of York, she was the great-grandmother of Henry VIII and an ancestor to the Tudor rulers. Her maternal grandparents were John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford.  See below for a list of her children and other family members. Wife of the Protector and Claimant to the Crown of England Cecily Nevilles husband was Richard, Duke of York, the heir to King Henry VI and protector of the young king in his minority and later during a bout of insanity. Richard was the descendant of two other sons of Edward III: Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley. Cecily was first betrothed to Richard when she was nine years old, and they married in 1429 when she was fourteen. Their first child, Anne, was born in 1439. A son who died shortly after birth was followed by the future Edward IV; much later, there were charges that Edward was illegitimate, including accusations by another Richard Neville, the Duke of Warwick, who was also Cecily Nevilles nephew, and by Edwards younger brother, George, Duke of Clarence. Although Edwards birth date and Cecilys husbands absence were timed in a way that raised suspicion, there was no record from the time of Edwards birth either of the birth being premature nor of her husband questioning paternity. Cecily and Richard had five more surviving child ren after Edward. When Henry VIs wife, Margaret of Anjou, gave birth to a son, this son supplanted Richard as the heir to the throne. When Henry recovered his sanity, the Duke of York fought to regain power, with Cecily Nevilles nephew, the Duke of Warwick, one of his strongest allies. Winning at St. Albans in 1455, losing in 1456 (by now to Margaret of Anjou leading the Lancastrian forces), Richard fled to Ireland in 1459 and was declared an outlaw. Cecily with her sons Richard and George were put in the care of Cecilys sister, Anne, the Duchess of Buckingham. Victorious again in 1460, Warwick and his cousin, Edward, Earl of March, the future Edward IV, won at Northampton, taking Henry VI prisoner. Richard, Duke of York, returned to claim the crown for himself. Margaret and Richard compromised, naming Richard protector and heir apparent to the throne. But Margaret continued to fight for the right of succession for her son, winning the battle of Wakefield. In this battle, Richard, Duke of York, was killed. His severed head was crowned with a paper crown. Edmund, the second son of Richard and Cecily, was also caught and killed in that battle. Edward IV In 1461, Cecily and Richards son, Edward, Earl of March, became King Edward IV. Cecily won the rights to her lands and continued to support religious houses and the college at Fotheringhay. Cecily was working with her nephew Warwick to find a wife for Edward IV, suitable for his status as the king. They were negotiating with the French king when Edward revealed that he had secretly married the commoner and widow, Elizabeth Woodville, in 1464. Both Cecily Neville and her brother reacted with anger. In 1469, Cecilys nephew, Warwick, and her son, George, changed sides and supported Henry VI after their initial support of Edward. Warwick married his elder daughter, Isabel Neville, to Cecilys son George, Duke of Clarence, and he married his other daughter, Anne Neville, to Henry VIs son, Edward, Prince of Wales (1470). There is some evidence that Cecily herself helped promote the rumor that began to circulate that Edward was illegitimate and that she promoted her son George as the rightful king. For herself, the Duchess of York used the title queen by right in recognition of her husbands claims to the crown. After Prince Edward was killed in a battle with Edward IVs forces, Warwick married the princes widow, Warwicks daughter Anne Neville, to Cecilys son and Edward IVs brother, Richard, in 1472, though not without opposition by Richards brother, George, who was already married to Annes sister, Isabel. In 1478, Edward sent his brother George to the tower, where he died or was murdered -- according to legend, drowned in a butt of malmsey wine. Cecily Neville left court and had little contact with her son Edward before his death in 1483. After Edwards death, Cecily supported the claim of her son, Richard III, to the crown, nullifying Edwards will and asserting that his sons were illegitimate. These sons, the Princes in the Tower, are generally believed to have been killed by Richard III or one of his supporters, or perhaps during the early part of Henry VIIs reign by Henry or his supporters. When Richard IIIs brief reign ended at Bosworth Field, and Henry VII (Henry Tudor) became king, Cecily retired from public life -- maybe. There is some evidence that she may have encouraged support for an attempt to dethrone Henry VII when Perkin Warbeck claimed to be one of the sons of Edward IV (Princes in the Tower). She died in 1495. Cecily Neville is believed to have owned a copy of The Book of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pizan. Fictional Depiction Shakespeares Duchess of York: Cecily appears in a minor role as the Duchess of York in Shakespeares Richard III. Shakespeare uses the Duchess of York to stress the family losses and agonies involved in the War of the Roses. Shakespeare has compressed the historical timeline and has taken literary license with how events happened and the motivations involved. From Act II, Scene IV, on her husbands death and her sons shifting involvement in the War of the Roses: My husband lost his life to get the crown;And often up and down my sons were tossd,For me to joy and weep their gain and loss:And being seated, and domestic broilsClean over-blown, themselves, the conquerors.Make war upon themselves; blood against blood,Self against self: O, preposterousAnd frantic outrage, end thy damned spleen... Shakespeare has the Duchess understanding early the villainous character Richard is in the play: (Act II, Scene II): He is my son; yea, and therein my shame;Yet from my dugs he drew not this deceit. And quickly after that, receiving news of her son Edwards death so soon after her son Clarences: But death hath snatchd my husband from mine arms,And pluckd two crutches from my feeble limbs,Edward and Clarence. O, what cause have I,Thine being but a moiety of my grief,To overgo thy plaints and drown thy cries! Parents of Cecily Neville: Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, and his second wife,Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Katherine Roà «t, known also by her earlier married name as  Katherine Swynford, whom John of Gaunt married after his childrens births. John of Gaunt was a son of Edward III of England. More Family of Cecily Neville Isabel Neville, married to George, Duke of Clarence, son of CecilyAnne Neville, married (or at least formally betrothed to) Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI, then married to Richard III, also a son of Cecily Children of Cecily Neville: Joan (1438-1438)Anne (1439-1475/76)Henry (1440/41-1450)Edward (King Edward IV of England) (1442-1483) - married Elizabeth WoodvilleEdmund (1443-1460)Elizabeth (1444-1502)Margaret (1445-1503) - married Charles, Duke of BurgundyWilliam (1447-1455?)John (1448-1455?)George (1449-1477/78) - married Isabel NevilleThomas (1450/51-1460?)Richard (King  Richard III of England) (1452-1485) - married  Anne NevilleUrsula (1454?-1460?)

Is It Child Abuse Or Discipline - 1436 Words

Is It Child Abuse or Discipline? Child abuse viewed in the form of discipline is a growing epidemic that affects both the child in the present and can also damage them emotionally or physically in the future. The line between child abuse and discipline may seem obvious to most people, but where is the line actually drawn? Child abuse is anything that emotionally or physically endangers/impairs a child’s well-being, whereas discipline is correcting a behavior in a manner that helps the child’s growth. Physical punishment should not be a form of discipline because of the emotional effects it can have on the child. When first looking at child abuse, parents and professionals must ask what child abuse is and what are the signs the discipline has gotten excessive? According to the Hamilton County Child Services database, discipline has gotten excessive when one or more of the following occurs: â€Å"Child is physically injured, including bruising, broken skin, swelling or a situation that requires medical attention, punishment is meant to instill fear rather than to educate the child, caretaker, whether a parent, guardian or school official, loses control, action is inappropriate for the child’s age, or action results from a caretaker’s unreasonable demands or expectations for the child.† (The Difference Between Discipline and Abuse. 1) Another way that can help a parent or professional judge whether the abuse is prominent and an issue is questioning whether the discipline helpedShow MoreRelatedIs Discipline A Child Abuse?969 Words   |  4 PagesIs Discipline Child Abuse? What does the word child abuse mean in your own words? Some people believe child abuse includes neglect, punishment, physical or emotional maltreatment. Child abuse is all over the world. Every day a child is either abused or neglected. Since the late 1900’s child abuse was commonly used in the United States (Gale). Now it is slowly coming to its ending point. Since 1992, only two states, Delaware and Oklahoma, have experienced consistent increases today. Is disciplineRead MoreChild Abuse And Child Discipline925 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween child abuse and child discipline. Abuse is any action that intentionally harms or injures another person. Discipline is punishment that is intended to correct or train. Some parents do not see the harm in their form of discipline, but others may view it as abuse. It may not be the parent’s intention to harm their child but it is something that occurs. â€Å"In 2012, state agencies found an estimate 686,000 of child maltreatment. † .*(*Kids Count) Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuseRead MoreParental Discipline And Child Abuse1809 Words   |  8 Pagespunishments as a child most likely became more disciplined earlier than everyone else and most likely still is. To be clear, the intended definition of punishments to be used is a penalization for committing an act that would be considered unacceptable in the eyes of the parent i.e. swearing, fighting, being disrespectful, etc. This is also known as parental discipline. Although it may not seem like it there is a clear boundary separating parental discipline from child abuse. Parental discipline is intendedRead MorePosition Paper- Child Abuse and Discipline1181 Words   |  5 PagesPARENTAL DISCIPLINE AND ABUSE Parental discipline and child abuse are among the most controversial topics currently, and they cause serious problems for children in the United States. Child abuse essentially focuses on the child’s bad behaviors and gives the child emotional and physical harms. Forms of abuse include spanking, hitting, saying negative things and corporal punishment. In fact, parental discipline is a much more appropriate way of dealing with negative behavior than using abusiveRead MoreThe Difference Between Child Abuse And Discipline1200 Words   |  5 Pages Do you know the difference between child abuse and discipline? Child Abuse is when someone physically and mentally hurts another person. Discipline is teaching someone or something to do the right thing. Child Abuse is very common in the United States. Many children suffer from bruising, swelling skin, and broken bones. Situations like this happen because of problems at home or personal problems. Parents at home abuse their children because of drinking and depression issues. In this crazy worldRead MoreWhen Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse?1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Does Discipline Cross the Line to Child Abuse? In this report, I concentrated my research on the fine line between physical discipline and child abuse, with emphasis on spanking vs. not spanking and its effects on children. Included are research from statistics, opposing views and arguments, advocates’ and Department of Children and Families’ position. The use of corporal punishment, or spanking, as a form of parental discipline is a controversial topic. Adults who remember being spankingRead MorePhysical Discipline with Children1100 Words   |  4 PagesSpanking a child is not against the law in most places. However, parents who use it in their homes are being accused of child abuse. The Chicago Tribune published an article that urged readers to report child abuse when they become aware of it. In the article â€Å"Child abuse in plain View† the author describes spanking as a type of abuse that happens behind closed doors (â€Å"Child abuse in plain View†). Like most critics of corporal punishment, the author is trying to link spanking to abuse. The author`sRead MoreMy Speech On Childhood Discipline1177 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Childhood Discipline General Purpose: To inform my audience what childhood discipline is and why it is important to discipline your child. Specific Purpose: To identify what childhood discipline really is and how you should discipline a child. Thesis: Good parenting consist of many element when parenting you have to be stern. Could discipline your child lead to a lifetime disrespect? Or could discipline lead to a promising future for your child. Introduction I. Spanking, Popping, and WhoopingRead MoreSpanking a Child and Child Abuse1076 Words   |  5 PagesSpanking a child is not against the law in most places. However, parents who use it in their homes are being accused of child abuse. The Chicago Tribune published an article that urged readers to report child abuse when they become aware of it. In the article â€Å"Child abuse in plain View† the author describes spanking as a type of abuse that happens behind closed doors (â€Å"Child abuse in plain View†). Like most critics of corporal punishment, the author is trying to link spanking to abuse. The author`sRead MoreEffects Of Hearing Punishment On Children1563 Words   |  7 Pagesabout discipline? For numerous children they recall the abuse they have suffered. Meanwhile, others, more fortunate, will possibly recall time-outs or having a toy taken away. According to the Child Maltreatment 2014 report, â€Å"For 2014, a nationally estimated 1,580 children died of abus e and neglect at a rate of 2.13 per 100,000 children in the national population† (Child Maltreatment 2014). This rate is deplorable. More importantly, there is no reason children should suffer neglect or abuse. Many

Protein Article Research Free Essays

Anonymous Dr. Louis Cohen SCI/241 Protein Article Research January 3, 2012 According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, protein is found in every cell in the body. Protein provides our bodies with energy that is ready to be used. We will write a custom essay sample on Protein Article Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now After it is digested, it becomes amino acids. There are 23 amino acids which are very essential to the body and are needed for the body to function properly. Amino acids are needed in order to build muscle strength. Protein can be found in animal foods, and it can also be found in plant foods. Animal foods such as meats, cheeses, and dairy products are complete sources of protein, while plant sources are an incomplete protein source because they are low in at least one of the essential amino acids. Plant sources need to be consumed with a complementary protein source in order to be certain that protein needs are being met. For example, if you eat chicken, that would be a complete source of protein, whereas if you eat rice for a meal, you should add beans to make the protein consumption complete. A few examples of plant sources or an incomplete protein source is as follows: corn, tofu, grains, some vegetables and fruits. Because I am a 19 year old woman, I need 46 grams of protein a day. I can easily meet and exceed the amount that is necessary by eating all of my meals in a day and by consuming all other essential nutrients. Although getting just the right amount of protein is healthy for the body, getting too much can be harmful. When people consume too much protein, they increase their risk of weight gain. Also, high protein diets can put a strain on the kidneys because they rid the protein from the blood, may contribute to cancer because it increase blood levels of IGF-1, and may cause nutritional deficiencies. Just as high protein diets can cause medical illnesses, low protein diets can do the same. A diet with a lack of protein can cause skin pigmentation, diarrhea, swollen bellies, rashes, and change in texture or color of the hair. Protein is on the body’s essential needs, however, too much or too little of any nutrient that is essential can harm the body. It is vital that people learn the amounts of nutrients their body requires in order to become or remain healthy. How to cite Protein Article Research, Essays Protein Article Research Free Essays Protein Article Research Sara Langrell December 15, 2011 Nutrition SCI/241 Dr. Venessa Lee Abstract: Athletes have been searching for years for a way to reduce the amount of recovery time between work outs. Based on this issue there has been quite a lot of research conducted to find out what can be done, if anything, to either reduce or eliminate recovery time. We will write a custom essay sample on Protein Article Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the theories is to increase protein intake above the daily recommended amount, thereby providing the body with additional amino acids that promote recovery. Although this seems like the perfect solution, there are some flaws. It would appear that not only do you need additional proteins but an additional source of fuel to allow the proteins to do their job, therefore all in all a balance must be struck. The recovery time needed from an intense work out is a direct result of the lengthening, or even sometimes, tearing of muscles. If the work out is too intense muscles can actually be damaged. The damage can be classified into three different categories: Type I, Type II and Type III. Type I muscle damage is classified as the soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after unaccustomed exercise. Type II is classified as an acute disabling pain either from the complete tearing of the muscle and facia or the disruption of a few fibres with the facia remaining intact. 1 Type III is classified as a cramp or soreness that occurs either during or directly following a workout. 1 Because of these issues, many hours of research have been conducted to try to determine if there is anything that can be done to slow or even elimi nate the damage done to the muscle during exercise. When muscles are stretched or damaged proteins are both broken down and synthesized all at the same time. The breakdown is not all bad for the body, as it regulates potentially damaging and dysfunctional proteins. 2 In direct response to the breakdown, the synthesis that occurs would seem to be good for the body; however it can cause an imbalance in muscle proteins. 1 Based on research it has been determined that replacing amino acids during and after exercise helps to balance the protein deficiency and assist in the repair process. Many of the recommended ways to do this is to increase protein intake or possibly opt for an amino acid replacement supplement. Dependent upon the type of exercise you are prone to will determine the type of supplement that would be recommended. Checking with a physician would be the best bet before beginning any type of therapy. Bibliography: 1. ) Nosaka, Kazunori PhD, Muscle damage and amino acid supplementation: Does it aid recovery from muscle damage? International SportMed Journal, Vo. 8 No. 2, 2007, pp. 54-67 2. ) Phillips SM, Protein requirement and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 689-695. How to cite Protein Article Research, Papers

Understanding the Business Economics and Environment

Question: Describe about the understanding the Business economics and environment. Answer: In considering the fundamentals of demands, it can be inferred that demand refers to the quantification of the service or products demanded by the purchasers. Mohammed, Guillet and Law (2015) explained that the quantification of the demands is representing the approaches of the customers who are willing to purchase the product or services with a specific pricing structure. On the other hand, supply process has been indicating the amount of the products or services that the market can offer to the purchasers. It is to be noted that the prices in school holidays is always based on the high demands (Davidoff 2015). During the school holidays, people can get their free time and most of the families plan their vacations outside. The students also get the free time from their student life and studies. The vacation time is the best period to set for a holiday. Hence, it is quite clear that the people would opt for the holiday mostly during this period. Hence, the prices of the holiday packa ges or tour accessories would be higher. In addition, it can be stated that the demands would be higher. The analysis is shown in the following diagram. Business economics is considered as the applied microeconomics. Generally, it fulfills the gap between the business practices and pure economic theory. Therefore, the business economics is counted as the fusion of mathematics, decision science, logical science and economics that helps in taking rational and optimal business decisions. This incorporates the economic theories with the business practices. Thus, it is known as science of decision making. It has been found that the scope of business economics is much narrow than the pure economics. The business economics covers various aspects. These include firstly, demand analysis and forecasting, secondly, cost analysis, thirdly, profit analysis and fourthly, capital management, fifthly, production analysis, sixthly, price determination and methods of price detection, objectives of the organization and the business environment (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2013). The economic factors that is required for the tour operators or the economic factors that are taken into account in selling the price of their package holidays include cost of travel, cost of services, competitive prices and exchange rate. Cost of travel The cost of travel is an important economic factor for a tour operator. The reason behind this is that any organization or any business totally depends on the cost or expenses. As the inflow of the money should be more than the outflow of money as this situation only helps an organization to bring in profit. For the tour operator, the travel is the essential factor of the business. Thus, before setting the prices of the tour packages, the tour operators calculate the expenses of travelling and total tour package, such that on the basis of the total expenses of travelling, the tour operator fixes or decides an amount for the tour package (Smith, Round and Perloff 2014). This helps the tour operator to earn a profit percentage based on the total cost of travel. Cost of services The tour operators provide various services to the customers that are the tour operators provide food and lodging to the customers (Krugman and Wells 2013). They also provide travelling vehicles to the customers in order to travel from one place to another. All these services are provided by the tour operators to their customers on a basis of a fixed cost. Depending on this cost, the rate of the holiday packages is fixed by the tour operators in order to earn a higher amount of profit and also to satisfy the customers by providing first class service to them. Competitive Prices Nowadays the tourism industry has a continuous growing prospect. The demand of the people for the packaged tour has increased to a larger extent. Thus the total numbers of competitors that are the numbers of tour operators have been increased in the market with the passage of time (Perloff 2012). Therefore, it can be said that the competition in the tourism market has increased. So, it is an important factor that the particular tour operator has to keep in mind about the costs and the expenses that are incurred by the other tour operators in the same market. As if the other tour operators or the competitors provide the same tour packages for lower price, then all the customers will refer to them for any kind of travelling. Thus, it can be said that the competitive prices are an important element of economic factor. The particular tour operator or tour agent should fix a price for every tour packages or holiday packages depending on the prices fixed by the other to ur operators or the competitors of the market. The reason behind this is that the competitors play an important in the highly competitive market of the tourism industry. Exchange Rate The price of the currency of a nation in terms of another currency is termed as exchange rate of currency. Therefore, the exchange rate has mainly two components the foreign currency and the domestic currency and thus it can be quoted both indirectly and directly (Hubbard and O'Brien 2013). The economic growth rate can be increased by various types of exchange rate. These include strong exchange rate can lead to growth in economy, devaluation also causes a boost to economic growth and finally, the fixed exchange rate also helps in the economic growth. The tourism industry also involves travelling from one country to another. Thus, the exchange rate plays an important role in the tourism industry. Therefore, the tour operators also put focus on the exchange rate in order to run the business successfully, as the operations and the regulations of the tourism industry are directly related with the exchange rates (Krugman and Wells 2012). Thus, the exchange rate is also c onsidered as one of the important economic factor for tourism industry. Higher price in school holidays than in school terms Diagram 1: Demand curve during in School terms (Source: Created by Author) The demand curve shown above clearly illustrates that during school term the price of the tour tickets are high and henceforth the quantity demanded is low. Similarly during the holidays the price of the tour tickets are low and this is the reason for a higher demand of quantity. It can be further noted that the magnitude of the participant to avail the service is lower during the school term. This caused due to increasing demand during school holidays and decreasing demand during the term. Diagram 2: Demand curve during Holidays (Source: Created by Author) Similarly, during the school time, families of the student do not get the enough time to plan for the holiday tours. More specifically, students usually stay occupied with their studies, exams, and other curriculum activities. Hence, during the school time, the demand gets lower and prices also decrease. The demand and supply curve therefore suggest the lower level in this period. The decreasing demands and the prices are shown in the following diagram. The customer may perceive the decreasing level of prices, but during such time, the demands decreases. Risks based on the currency exchange rate It is noted that the transactions between the tourism firms and tourists usually suggest the larger amount, which includes the price of the production of holidays. On the other hand, Chen et al. (2016) argued that the prices structured by the tourists often involve the modest amount. However, due to the larger flow of the international tourism, the transaction is needed to be frequent. In such circumstances, it is much required to get the idea about the exchange rates, which are helpful enough in making the rational decisions. The tourism companies usually face the potential risks in such matter. When the tourists have to pay a certain amount for the fixed package, they usually do not pay the further money (De Vita 2014). In such cases, the changes in the exchange rate in another country can charge for the extra amount, which can be risky. For example, in New York, the price of hotel room with a breakfast may cost almost $100. If the tour operator deals with Euro as the nation curren cy, it will be equal to $1.2814 per Euro (1=$1.2814). If the tour operator asks the bank to transfer a certain amount of money in Euro currency, it may differ from the exact amount of the expenses required in American hotels. Therefore, this segment can be risky for the tour operators, as they need to identify the exchange rate, which converts the charges of all the inclusive trips in different countries. Simultaneously, the tour operator needs to inform the tourists about the exchange rates regarding the spot and forward prices (Chang, Hsu and McAleer 2013). It is to be indicated that the elimination of the risk factors related to such pricing structure can be possible if the information is flexible and fixed. Especially, the countries, which signify the direct offers, need to maintain such structural aspects while determining the costs related to the exchange rate (Adrian, Etula and Shin 2015). It is important for the tour operators to include this particular clause while structuring the catalog that is needed to be provided to the tourists before they take any tourism package. References Adrian, T., Etula, E. and Shin, H.S., 2015. Risk appetite and exchange rates. Chang, C.L., Hsu, H.K. and McAleer, M., 2013. Is small beautiful? Size effects of volatility spillovers for firm performance and exchange rates in tourism.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,26, pp.519-534. Chen, J.M., Neuts, B., Nijkamp, P. and Liu, J., 2016. Demand determinants of cruise tourists in competitive markets: motivation, preference and intention.Tourism Economics,22(2), pp.227-253. Davidoff, T., 2015. Supply constraints are not valid instrumental variables for home prices because they are correlated with many demand factors.Available at SSRN 2400833. De Vita, G., 2014. The long-run impact of exchange rate regimes on international tourism flows.Tourism Management,45, pp.226-233. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2013).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2012).Microeconomics. New York, N.Y.: Worth Publishers. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013).Microeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mohammed, I., Guillet, B.D. and Law, R., 2015. The contributions of economics to hospitality literature: A content analysis of hospitality and tourism journals.International Journal of Hospitality Management,44, pp.99-110. Perloff, J. (2012).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. (2013).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Smith, R., Round, D. and Perloff, J. (2014).Microeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.