Cecily Neville, Duchess of York Mother of Kings

Cecily Neville was the great-granddaughter of one king, Edward III of England (and his wife Philippa of Hainault); the wife of a would-be king, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York; and the mother of two kings: Edward IV and Richard III, Through Elizabeth of York, she was the great-grandmother of Henry VIII and an ancestor to the Tudor rulers. Her maternal grandparents were John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford.  See below for a list of her children and other family members. Wife of the Protector and Claimant to the Crown of England Cecily Nevilles husband was Richard, Duke of York, the heir to King Henry VI and protector of the young king in his minority and later during a bout of insanity. Richard was the descendant of two other sons of Edward III: Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley. Cecily was first betrothed to Richard when she was nine years old, and they married in 1429 when she was fourteen. Their first child, Anne, was born in 1439. A son who died shortly after birth was followed by the future Edward IV; much later, there were charges that Edward was illegitimate, including accusations by another Richard Neville, the Duke of Warwick, who was also Cecily Nevilles nephew, and by Edwards younger brother, George, Duke of Clarence. Although Edwards birth date and Cecilys husbands absence were timed in a way that raised suspicion, there was no record from the time of Edwards birth either of the birth being premature nor of her husband questioning paternity. Cecily and Richard had five more surviving child ren after Edward. When Henry VIs wife, Margaret of Anjou, gave birth to a son, this son supplanted Richard as the heir to the throne. When Henry recovered his sanity, the Duke of York fought to regain power, with Cecily Nevilles nephew, the Duke of Warwick, one of his strongest allies. Winning at St. Albans in 1455, losing in 1456 (by now to Margaret of Anjou leading the Lancastrian forces), Richard fled to Ireland in 1459 and was declared an outlaw. Cecily with her sons Richard and George were put in the care of Cecilys sister, Anne, the Duchess of Buckingham. Victorious again in 1460, Warwick and his cousin, Edward, Earl of March, the future Edward IV, won at Northampton, taking Henry VI prisoner. Richard, Duke of York, returned to claim the crown for himself. Margaret and Richard compromised, naming Richard protector and heir apparent to the throne. But Margaret continued to fight for the right of succession for her son, winning the battle of Wakefield. In this battle, Richard, Duke of York, was killed. His severed head was crowned with a paper crown. Edmund, the second son of Richard and Cecily, was also caught and killed in that battle. Edward IV In 1461, Cecily and Richards son, Edward, Earl of March, became King Edward IV. Cecily won the rights to her lands and continued to support religious houses and the college at Fotheringhay. Cecily was working with her nephew Warwick to find a wife for Edward IV, suitable for his status as the king. They were negotiating with the French king when Edward revealed that he had secretly married the commoner and widow, Elizabeth Woodville, in 1464. Both Cecily Neville and her brother reacted with anger. In 1469, Cecilys nephew, Warwick, and her son, George, changed sides and supported Henry VI after their initial support of Edward. Warwick married his elder daughter, Isabel Neville, to Cecilys son George, Duke of Clarence, and he married his other daughter, Anne Neville, to Henry VIs son, Edward, Prince of Wales (1470). There is some evidence that Cecily herself helped promote the rumor that began to circulate that Edward was illegitimate and that she promoted her son George as the rightful king. For herself, the Duchess of York used the title queen by right in recognition of her husbands claims to the crown. After Prince Edward was killed in a battle with Edward IVs forces, Warwick married the princes widow, Warwicks daughter Anne Neville, to Cecilys son and Edward IVs brother, Richard, in 1472, though not without opposition by Richards brother, George, who was already married to Annes sister, Isabel. In 1478, Edward sent his brother George to the tower, where he died or was murdered -- according to legend, drowned in a butt of malmsey wine. Cecily Neville left court and had little contact with her son Edward before his death in 1483. After Edwards death, Cecily supported the claim of her son, Richard III, to the crown, nullifying Edwards will and asserting that his sons were illegitimate. These sons, the Princes in the Tower, are generally believed to have been killed by Richard III or one of his supporters, or perhaps during the early part of Henry VIIs reign by Henry or his supporters. When Richard IIIs brief reign ended at Bosworth Field, and Henry VII (Henry Tudor) became king, Cecily retired from public life -- maybe. There is some evidence that she may have encouraged support for an attempt to dethrone Henry VII when Perkin Warbeck claimed to be one of the sons of Edward IV (Princes in the Tower). She died in 1495. Cecily Neville is believed to have owned a copy of The Book of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pizan. Fictional Depiction Shakespeares Duchess of York: Cecily appears in a minor role as the Duchess of York in Shakespeares Richard III. Shakespeare uses the Duchess of York to stress the family losses and agonies involved in the War of the Roses. Shakespeare has compressed the historical timeline and has taken literary license with how events happened and the motivations involved. From Act II, Scene IV, on her husbands death and her sons shifting involvement in the War of the Roses: My husband lost his life to get the crown;And often up and down my sons were tossd,For me to joy and weep their gain and loss:And being seated, and domestic broilsClean over-blown, themselves, the conquerors.Make war upon themselves; blood against blood,Self against self: O, preposterousAnd frantic outrage, end thy damned spleen... Shakespeare has the Duchess understanding early the villainous character Richard is in the play: (Act II, Scene II): He is my son; yea, and therein my shame;Yet from my dugs he drew not this deceit. And quickly after that, receiving news of her son Edwards death so soon after her son Clarences: But death hath snatchd my husband from mine arms,And pluckd two crutches from my feeble limbs,Edward and Clarence. O, what cause have I,Thine being but a moiety of my grief,To overgo thy plaints and drown thy cries! Parents of Cecily Neville: Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, and his second wife,Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Katherine Roà «t, known also by her earlier married name as  Katherine Swynford, whom John of Gaunt married after his childrens births. John of Gaunt was a son of Edward III of England. More Family of Cecily Neville Isabel Neville, married to George, Duke of Clarence, son of CecilyAnne Neville, married (or at least formally betrothed to) Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI, then married to Richard III, also a son of Cecily Children of Cecily Neville: Joan (1438-1438)Anne (1439-1475/76)Henry (1440/41-1450)Edward (King Edward IV of England) (1442-1483) - married Elizabeth WoodvilleEdmund (1443-1460)Elizabeth (1444-1502)Margaret (1445-1503) - married Charles, Duke of BurgundyWilliam (1447-1455?)John (1448-1455?)George (1449-1477/78) - married Isabel NevilleThomas (1450/51-1460?)Richard (King  Richard III of England) (1452-1485) - married  Anne NevilleUrsula (1454?-1460?)

Is It Child Abuse Or Discipline - 1436 Words

Is It Child Abuse or Discipline? Child abuse viewed in the form of discipline is a growing epidemic that affects both the child in the present and can also damage them emotionally or physically in the future. The line between child abuse and discipline may seem obvious to most people, but where is the line actually drawn? Child abuse is anything that emotionally or physically endangers/impairs a child’s well-being, whereas discipline is correcting a behavior in a manner that helps the child’s growth. Physical punishment should not be a form of discipline because of the emotional effects it can have on the child. When first looking at child abuse, parents and professionals must ask what child abuse is and what are the signs the discipline has gotten excessive? According to the Hamilton County Child Services database, discipline has gotten excessive when one or more of the following occurs: â€Å"Child is physically injured, including bruising, broken skin, swelling or a situation that requires medical attention, punishment is meant to instill fear rather than to educate the child, caretaker, whether a parent, guardian or school official, loses control, action is inappropriate for the child’s age, or action results from a caretaker’s unreasonable demands or expectations for the child.† (The Difference Between Discipline and Abuse. 1) Another way that can help a parent or professional judge whether the abuse is prominent and an issue is questioning whether the discipline helpedShow MoreRelatedIs Discipline A Child Abuse?969 Words   |  4 PagesIs Discipline Child Abuse? What does the word child abuse mean in your own words? Some people believe child abuse includes neglect, punishment, physical or emotional maltreatment. 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It may not be the parent’s intention to harm their child but it is something that occurs. â€Å"In 2012, state agencies found an estimate 686,000 of child maltreatment. † .*(*Kids Count) Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuseRead MoreParental Discipline And Child Abuse1809 Words   |  8 Pagespunishments as a child most likely became more disciplined earlier than everyone else and most likely still is. To be clear, the intended definition of punishments to be used is a penalization for committing an act that would be considered unacceptable in the eyes of the parent i.e. swearing, fighting, being disrespectful, etc. This is also known as parental discipline. Although it may not seem like it there is a clear boundary separating parental discipline from child abuse. 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Spanking, Popping, and WhoopingRead MoreSpanking a Child and Child Abuse1076 Words   |  5 PagesSpanking a child is not against the law in most places. However, parents who use it in their homes are being accused of child abuse. The Chicago Tribune published an article that urged readers to report child abuse when they become aware of it. In the article â€Å"Child abuse in plain View† the author describes spanking as a type of abuse that happens behind closed doors (â€Å"Child abuse in plain View†). Like most critics of corporal punishment, the author is trying to link spanking to abuse. The author`sRead MoreEffects Of Hearing Punishment On Children1563 Words   |  7 Pagesabout discipline? For numerous children they recall the abuse they have suffered. Meanwhile, others, more fortunate, will possibly recall time-outs or having a toy taken away. According to the Child Maltreatment 2014 report, â€Å"For 2014, a nationally estimated 1,580 children died of abus e and neglect at a rate of 2.13 per 100,000 children in the national population† (Child Maltreatment 2014). This rate is deplorable. More importantly, there is no reason children should suffer neglect or abuse. Many

Protein Article Research Free Essays

Anonymous Dr. Louis Cohen SCI/241 Protein Article Research January 3, 2012 According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, protein is found in every cell in the body. Protein provides our bodies with energy that is ready to be used. We will write a custom essay sample on Protein Article Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now After it is digested, it becomes amino acids. There are 23 amino acids which are very essential to the body and are needed for the body to function properly. Amino acids are needed in order to build muscle strength. Protein can be found in animal foods, and it can also be found in plant foods. Animal foods such as meats, cheeses, and dairy products are complete sources of protein, while plant sources are an incomplete protein source because they are low in at least one of the essential amino acids. Plant sources need to be consumed with a complementary protein source in order to be certain that protein needs are being met. For example, if you eat chicken, that would be a complete source of protein, whereas if you eat rice for a meal, you should add beans to make the protein consumption complete. A few examples of plant sources or an incomplete protein source is as follows: corn, tofu, grains, some vegetables and fruits. Because I am a 19 year old woman, I need 46 grams of protein a day. I can easily meet and exceed the amount that is necessary by eating all of my meals in a day and by consuming all other essential nutrients. Although getting just the right amount of protein is healthy for the body, getting too much can be harmful. When people consume too much protein, they increase their risk of weight gain. Also, high protein diets can put a strain on the kidneys because they rid the protein from the blood, may contribute to cancer because it increase blood levels of IGF-1, and may cause nutritional deficiencies. Just as high protein diets can cause medical illnesses, low protein diets can do the same. A diet with a lack of protein can cause skin pigmentation, diarrhea, swollen bellies, rashes, and change in texture or color of the hair. Protein is on the body’s essential needs, however, too much or too little of any nutrient that is essential can harm the body. It is vital that people learn the amounts of nutrients their body requires in order to become or remain healthy. How to cite Protein Article Research, Essays Protein Article Research Free Essays Protein Article Research Sara Langrell December 15, 2011 Nutrition SCI/241 Dr. Venessa Lee Abstract: Athletes have been searching for years for a way to reduce the amount of recovery time between work outs. Based on this issue there has been quite a lot of research conducted to find out what can be done, if anything, to either reduce or eliminate recovery time. We will write a custom essay sample on Protein Article Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the theories is to increase protein intake above the daily recommended amount, thereby providing the body with additional amino acids that promote recovery. Although this seems like the perfect solution, there are some flaws. It would appear that not only do you need additional proteins but an additional source of fuel to allow the proteins to do their job, therefore all in all a balance must be struck. The recovery time needed from an intense work out is a direct result of the lengthening, or even sometimes, tearing of muscles. If the work out is too intense muscles can actually be damaged. The damage can be classified into three different categories: Type I, Type II and Type III. Type I muscle damage is classified as the soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after unaccustomed exercise. Type II is classified as an acute disabling pain either from the complete tearing of the muscle and facia or the disruption of a few fibres with the facia remaining intact. 1 Type III is classified as a cramp or soreness that occurs either during or directly following a workout. 1 Because of these issues, many hours of research have been conducted to try to determine if there is anything that can be done to slow or even elimi nate the damage done to the muscle during exercise. When muscles are stretched or damaged proteins are both broken down and synthesized all at the same time. The breakdown is not all bad for the body, as it regulates potentially damaging and dysfunctional proteins. 2 In direct response to the breakdown, the synthesis that occurs would seem to be good for the body; however it can cause an imbalance in muscle proteins. 1 Based on research it has been determined that replacing amino acids during and after exercise helps to balance the protein deficiency and assist in the repair process. Many of the recommended ways to do this is to increase protein intake or possibly opt for an amino acid replacement supplement. Dependent upon the type of exercise you are prone to will determine the type of supplement that would be recommended. Checking with a physician would be the best bet before beginning any type of therapy. Bibliography: 1. ) Nosaka, Kazunori PhD, Muscle damage and amino acid supplementation: Does it aid recovery from muscle damage? International SportMed Journal, Vo. 8 No. 2, 2007, pp. 54-67 2. ) Phillips SM, Protein requirement and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 689-695. How to cite Protein Article Research, Papers

Understanding the Business Economics and Environment

Question: Describe about the understanding the Business economics and environment. Answer: In considering the fundamentals of demands, it can be inferred that demand refers to the quantification of the service or products demanded by the purchasers. Mohammed, Guillet and Law (2015) explained that the quantification of the demands is representing the approaches of the customers who are willing to purchase the product or services with a specific pricing structure. On the other hand, supply process has been indicating the amount of the products or services that the market can offer to the purchasers. It is to be noted that the prices in school holidays is always based on the high demands (Davidoff 2015). During the school holidays, people can get their free time and most of the families plan their vacations outside. The students also get the free time from their student life and studies. The vacation time is the best period to set for a holiday. Hence, it is quite clear that the people would opt for the holiday mostly during this period. Hence, the prices of the holiday packa ges or tour accessories would be higher. In addition, it can be stated that the demands would be higher. The analysis is shown in the following diagram. Business economics is considered as the applied microeconomics. Generally, it fulfills the gap between the business practices and pure economic theory. Therefore, the business economics is counted as the fusion of mathematics, decision science, logical science and economics that helps in taking rational and optimal business decisions. This incorporates the economic theories with the business practices. Thus, it is known as science of decision making. It has been found that the scope of business economics is much narrow than the pure economics. The business economics covers various aspects. These include firstly, demand analysis and forecasting, secondly, cost analysis, thirdly, profit analysis and fourthly, capital management, fifthly, production analysis, sixthly, price determination and methods of price detection, objectives of the organization and the business environment (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2013). The economic factors that is required for the tour operators or the economic factors that are taken into account in selling the price of their package holidays include cost of travel, cost of services, competitive prices and exchange rate. Cost of travel The cost of travel is an important economic factor for a tour operator. The reason behind this is that any organization or any business totally depends on the cost or expenses. As the inflow of the money should be more than the outflow of money as this situation only helps an organization to bring in profit. For the tour operator, the travel is the essential factor of the business. Thus, before setting the prices of the tour packages, the tour operators calculate the expenses of travelling and total tour package, such that on the basis of the total expenses of travelling, the tour operator fixes or decides an amount for the tour package (Smith, Round and Perloff 2014). This helps the tour operator to earn a profit percentage based on the total cost of travel. Cost of services The tour operators provide various services to the customers that are the tour operators provide food and lodging to the customers (Krugman and Wells 2013). They also provide travelling vehicles to the customers in order to travel from one place to another. All these services are provided by the tour operators to their customers on a basis of a fixed cost. Depending on this cost, the rate of the holiday packages is fixed by the tour operators in order to earn a higher amount of profit and also to satisfy the customers by providing first class service to them. Competitive Prices Nowadays the tourism industry has a continuous growing prospect. The demand of the people for the packaged tour has increased to a larger extent. Thus the total numbers of competitors that are the numbers of tour operators have been increased in the market with the passage of time (Perloff 2012). Therefore, it can be said that the competition in the tourism market has increased. So, it is an important factor that the particular tour operator has to keep in mind about the costs and the expenses that are incurred by the other tour operators in the same market. As if the other tour operators or the competitors provide the same tour packages for lower price, then all the customers will refer to them for any kind of travelling. Thus, it can be said that the competitive prices are an important element of economic factor. The particular tour operator or tour agent should fix a price for every tour packages or holiday packages depending on the prices fixed by the other to ur operators or the competitors of the market. The reason behind this is that the competitors play an important in the highly competitive market of the tourism industry. Exchange Rate The price of the currency of a nation in terms of another currency is termed as exchange rate of currency. Therefore, the exchange rate has mainly two components the foreign currency and the domestic currency and thus it can be quoted both indirectly and directly (Hubbard and O'Brien 2013). The economic growth rate can be increased by various types of exchange rate. These include strong exchange rate can lead to growth in economy, devaluation also causes a boost to economic growth and finally, the fixed exchange rate also helps in the economic growth. The tourism industry also involves travelling from one country to another. Thus, the exchange rate plays an important role in the tourism industry. Therefore, the tour operators also put focus on the exchange rate in order to run the business successfully, as the operations and the regulations of the tourism industry are directly related with the exchange rates (Krugman and Wells 2012). Thus, the exchange rate is also c onsidered as one of the important economic factor for tourism industry. Higher price in school holidays than in school terms Diagram 1: Demand curve during in School terms (Source: Created by Author) The demand curve shown above clearly illustrates that during school term the price of the tour tickets are high and henceforth the quantity demanded is low. Similarly during the holidays the price of the tour tickets are low and this is the reason for a higher demand of quantity. It can be further noted that the magnitude of the participant to avail the service is lower during the school term. This caused due to increasing demand during school holidays and decreasing demand during the term. Diagram 2: Demand curve during Holidays (Source: Created by Author) Similarly, during the school time, families of the student do not get the enough time to plan for the holiday tours. More specifically, students usually stay occupied with their studies, exams, and other curriculum activities. Hence, during the school time, the demand gets lower and prices also decrease. The demand and supply curve therefore suggest the lower level in this period. The decreasing demands and the prices are shown in the following diagram. The customer may perceive the decreasing level of prices, but during such time, the demands decreases. Risks based on the currency exchange rate It is noted that the transactions between the tourism firms and tourists usually suggest the larger amount, which includes the price of the production of holidays. On the other hand, Chen et al. (2016) argued that the prices structured by the tourists often involve the modest amount. However, due to the larger flow of the international tourism, the transaction is needed to be frequent. In such circumstances, it is much required to get the idea about the exchange rates, which are helpful enough in making the rational decisions. The tourism companies usually face the potential risks in such matter. When the tourists have to pay a certain amount for the fixed package, they usually do not pay the further money (De Vita 2014). In such cases, the changes in the exchange rate in another country can charge for the extra amount, which can be risky. For example, in New York, the price of hotel room with a breakfast may cost almost $100. If the tour operator deals with Euro as the nation curren cy, it will be equal to $1.2814 per Euro (1=$1.2814). If the tour operator asks the bank to transfer a certain amount of money in Euro currency, it may differ from the exact amount of the expenses required in American hotels. Therefore, this segment can be risky for the tour operators, as they need to identify the exchange rate, which converts the charges of all the inclusive trips in different countries. Simultaneously, the tour operator needs to inform the tourists about the exchange rates regarding the spot and forward prices (Chang, Hsu and McAleer 2013). It is to be indicated that the elimination of the risk factors related to such pricing structure can be possible if the information is flexible and fixed. Especially, the countries, which signify the direct offers, need to maintain such structural aspects while determining the costs related to the exchange rate (Adrian, Etula and Shin 2015). It is important for the tour operators to include this particular clause while structuring the catalog that is needed to be provided to the tourists before they take any tourism package. References Adrian, T., Etula, E. and Shin, H.S., 2015. Risk appetite and exchange rates. Chang, C.L., Hsu, H.K. and McAleer, M., 2013. Is small beautiful? Size effects of volatility spillovers for firm performance and exchange rates in tourism.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,26, pp.519-534. Chen, J.M., Neuts, B., Nijkamp, P. and Liu, J., 2016. Demand determinants of cruise tourists in competitive markets: motivation, preference and intention.Tourism Economics,22(2), pp.227-253. Davidoff, T., 2015. Supply constraints are not valid instrumental variables for home prices because they are correlated with many demand factors.Available at SSRN 2400833. De Vita, G., 2014. The long-run impact of exchange rate regimes on international tourism flows.Tourism Management,45, pp.226-233. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2013).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2012).Microeconomics. New York, N.Y.: Worth Publishers. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013).Microeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mohammed, I., Guillet, B.D. and Law, R., 2015. The contributions of economics to hospitality literature: A content analysis of hospitality and tourism journals.International Journal of Hospitality Management,44, pp.99-110. Perloff, J. (2012).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Pindyck, R. and Rubinfeld, D. (2013).Microeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Smith, R., Round, D. and Perloff, J. (2014).Microeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.

The disappearance of the elephant Review Essay Example

The disappearance of the elephant Review Paper Essay on The disappearance of the elephant Haruki Murakami is definitely a master of words. He knows how simple and accessible language all tell a story, and the reader interested and intrigued. His books are easy to read and pretty amusing. Of course, few of his works can be considered a masterpiece, but still a large part of his work it works from the series workout for the brain. He makes us think about the meaning of seemingly simple but interesting stories and novels The disappearance of an elephant -. A collection of stories. What can you say about them? Interesting. Pleasantly surprised by the story another attack on the bakery. It can be attributed to the genre is so exquisite as magical realism. Young couple wake up at night from a brutal famine. Husband accidentally lets slip about the history of the past, and then the poor man did not get out, I had to tell his wife about it with a friend in times of famine attacked the bakery. Wife understands that they test wild hunger nothing else, as a terrible curse! (Who would doubt x) Japanese mythology has left its mark) and to remove this curse, it is necessary to arrange a second raid on the bakery and eat to satiety. But at night all the bakeries are closed, and only a single sign glows in the dark, McDonalds. They decide that the burgers are not worse We will write a custom essay sample on The disappearance of the elephant Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The disappearance of the elephant Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The disappearance of the elephant Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Of course, this book is worth it to spend on it a couple of hours of their time. Why a couple? More and do not need to, because the book is small, easy to read and addictive. family life began with the attack on McDonalds it could invent and describe without unnecessary details, but nice and bright only Murakami so he can, of course, he only. You start to believe that it is the way it should be entertained for the weekend, this is what is the norm of our lives, and if someone has not tried he missed a lot. Of course, after reading, it seems that all the magic and unusual side. How easily disappear from the zoo elephant, night hunger can only quench repeated attack on a bakery, and missing the beautiful twins appear in the new bar advertising. It is interesting, is not it? : D

Halfway and Other Ways

Halfway and Other Ways Halfway and Other Ways Halfway and Other Ways By Mark Nichol The noun way constitutes the second half of many compound words. Almost all of them, like halfway, are closed, but a couple retain a hyphen or are open. Way, from the Old English term weg (the German cognate retains that spelling), means â€Å"path† or â€Å"course of travel,† and by extension it refers to a course or habit of life, as well as the manner in which something occurs. (The adverbial form- as in â€Å"way back† in the sense of â€Å"a long time ago† rather than â€Å"the return path†- is an alteration of away.) Some -way compounds allude to various types of courses for vehicles: byway, cartway, causeway, driveway, expressway, freeway, motorway, parkway, and speedway; each course has a distinct function. (The humorous question about why cars drive on parkways and park on driveways is easily answered: The park in parkway refers to an area kept in or near a native state, not the action of parking; the verb park, by the way, apparently derives from the onetime practice of storing a military vehicle or other equipment in an area called a military park. And the typical truncated parking space in front of a house’s garage is a far cry from the original driveway, an extended approach along which one would drive to reach a house located on a country estate.) Ways intended generally for foot traffic include alleyways, archways, breezeways, doorways, entryways, gangways, gateways, hallways, hatchways, passageways, pathways, stairways, and walkways. (â€Å"Gangway!† became a shouted warning to clear the passage to the gangway, an opening in the deck rail to allow crew or passengers to embark or debark, and gateway is also used in promotional literature to refer to a city or town that is the jumping-off point for a scenic or recreation destination or alludes to something that serves as an introduction to the use of something else, such as a gateway drug.) Broadway was once a generic term for a wide avenue that passed between parallel lines of buildings; it was traditionally often employed as a proper name referring to such a thoroughfare in a particular city or town. A flyway is a migration route for birds, and a spillway is a watercourse from one body of water to another, as from a reservoir to a river. Headway can mean â€Å"forward movement† or â€Å"height clearance.† Leeway originally was a navigational term; it now means â€Å"freedom to do something a certain way.† Lifeway is a rarely used variation on â€Å"way of life.† Anyway is an adverb meaning â€Å"in any case.† â€Å"Under way† is the only open compound that includes way; it’s an adverb meaning â€Å"happening now† or â€Å"in motion.† (In adjectival form, it is a closed compound.) One-way, an adjective meaning â€Å"going in one direction,† is the only hyphenated form of a compound that includes way. Of several adverbs ending in the plural form -ways, only sideways (which also serves as an adjective and has the less common variation sideway) is common; others include lengthways, longways, and slantways. A small group of compounds begin with way: the nouns wayside (meaning â€Å"the side of the road† or â€Å"off to one side†), wayfarer (meaning â€Å"traveler†), and wayfaring (meaning â€Å"the act of traveling†)- the first and last are also adjectives- the adjectives way-out (meaning â€Å"far off† or, as slang, â€Å"bold†) and wayward (meaning â€Å"straying†), and the verb waylay (meaning â€Å"ambush†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†10 Types of Transitions30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Conducting Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conducting Business Research - Essay Example r sample size results in a higher confidence interval; this explains the degree to which the research findings are precise and reliable (Zickmund & Babin, 2007). Lastly, the researcher has to consider the confidence level in the research findings. In most cases, researchers do prefer a higher sample group to achieve a 95 percent confidence level, though the decision is usually based on convention and may not be an important parameter. Determining the sample size is, in most cases, a tricky step in the research process. After considering the above factors, which are the heterogeneity of the population in the study, has to be done, the magnitude error and the confidence level, a researcher can then decide on the right sample size. Therefore, to determine the best sample size, the researcher has to have facts about the homogeneity of the community before the research and then decide on the magnitude error allowable in the research. If the research is convinced that the population is homogeneous and the research needs a low error magnitude, the researcher has to use a much lower sample size when in a heterogeneous population. Determination requires proper investigation about the area in which the researcher has to undertake the business

Equity Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Equity Valuation - Essay Example Through equity valuation, shareholders of the firm decide whether to hold, buy or sell the firm’s stock. The long term risk of holding the share is also reflected in the valuation analysis i.e. upside and downside margin. Such critical analysis of firm’s equity leads to better financial performance evaluation and finding the growth prospects of a firm. The project has taken British Telecommunication’s financial statements into consideration in explaining the various processes of equity valuation. The telecom industry in UK is one of the largest in Europe that is characterised by the rising competition in broadcast, mobile communication and broadband segment. It has witnessed significant growth in the mobile communication and broadband market and it is above the European average growth rate. The digital TV penetration has risen to 90% of UK population. The operational capacity has also witnessed significant growth owing to the investments made by Virgin media, Next generation networks and British telecom. The major players in the industry are COLT telecom, BT, Virgin Media, Orange, Kcom and O2. The UK market is divided between two kinds of players’ mobile carriers and fixed line. Key players in the mobile carriers market are O2, Vodafone and Hutchison and BT dominates the fixed line carriers. British Telecom is a UK based telecom company that caters to more than 17 million customers in UK and more than 160 countries worldwide. Its main service divisions are digital TV, broadband and mobile communication. It was earlier a subsidiary of the General post office but in 1984, it was privatised and became British Telecommunication Plc. More than 50% of its shares have been sold to investors and further divestment was made in 1993. BT Plc in the current fiscal have plans to takeover EE Ltd for an amount of  £12.1 billion (BT Group Plc, 2014a). The stock valuation

What affect has the Internet had on our Cognitive abilities Research Paper

What affect has the Internet had on our Cognitive abilities - Research Paper Example is widely used as a means of communication around the world and therefore contributes immensely in developing the cognitive abilities of the individual. The authors Berson & Berson (2005) has denoted that the internet has caused a revolution in causing the environments to expand at a global level, the world has turned into a global village since the inception of internet, the people around the world have gained an easy access in interacting with others around the world. Internet has become one of the famous modes of communication around the world among especially youngsters as well as adults (Quigley & Blashki, 2003). The use of internet focuses on developing the cognitive abilities of the individuals. At the educational level the use of internet is considered compulsory as students need to be in touch with the latest happenings of their respective fields and internet is the easiest modes of being in touch with the latest proceedings. The cognitive skills of any being is the capability of implying the mental abilities of any individual at the basic level, and by this use of mental ability, the individual is able to conduct their thinking process, their learning process and their studying process (Keil, 1989). Cognitive Abilities is associated with mental processes in for instance evaluating the sounds that an individual has heard or the images and the information that an individual tries to recall. Also, cognitive abilities include the relationships that are made between different data and information. Cognitive abilities of any human being can be identified and also measured on an individual basis. The strength of the cognitive skill and its efficiency has direct correlations with the learning processes of any individual. There have been different research studies conducted and various theories have been derived for deducing the importance of cognitive abilities and resources so that the variation levels can be understood in the learning processes (de Haan,

Communication Skills in Health Assessment

Communication Skills in Health Assessment An Evaluation of the communication skills demonstrated in the assessment of a service user This essay will evaluate an admission assessment observed a specific assessment observed which was done by mentor. Communication skills that she used will be analysed. Furthermore appropriate literature will be used to understand if the communication skills that were used were the most effective as well as that of both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. All names have been changed for patient confidentiality in accordance with the NMC guidelines (NMC, 2008).The patient will be referred to as Mrs. Smith. Mrs. Smith is an 80yrs old lady widower living alone in a bungalow. She was admitted to the ward from AE. She depends on his son who lives a few miles away and visits him twice weekly. Mrs. Smith was diagnosed of COPD 10 years ago and Ischaemic heart disease 4 years ago. He smokes 40 cigarettes a day. Currently, he is on Salbutamol 200mcg/dose dry powder inhaler 1 puff as required, Spiriva 18mcg inhalation powder capsules once a day, Nicorandil 20mg tablets one twice a day, Simvastatin 40mg tablets once daily and Glyceryl Trinitrate 400mcg/dose pump sublingual spray as required. Over the past few years, he has been admitted to hospital three times owing to exacerbation of COPD and has had a bad chest infection yearly for the past few years. Mrs. Smith has not been well for two days and has been coughing and wheezing with increased Phlegm and a temperature. She lost quite remarkable weight in the past few months because she has not been eating and drinking well. Mrs. Smith could hardly finish a sentence without gasping for breath and appeared anxious when the General Practitioner referred him to hospital. The assessment was done by mentor included the EWS’s. Assessment is the first stage in the nursing process. Kozier, et al (2012) stated that assessment is a systematic collection of data with a view to identifying the patient’s actual and potential health problems. A complete and holistic assessment should take into consideration the individual’s psychological, social, spiritual and cultural needs (Matthews, 2010). Collected data can be subjective or objective (Hoffman, Aitken and Duffield, 2009). Full assessment should be systematic, patient oriented, evidence based and holistic; and nurses should seek informed consent from a patient before initiating assessment, any treatment or care (NMC, 2008). Consent was sought from Mrs. Smith to conduct an assessment on her. There are three types of assessments namely; mini, comprehensive and targeted. Targeted assessment was used in assessing Mrs. Smith. Vital signs were recorded to establish the baseline observations which help in early recognition of patient deterioration allowing early intervention before the patient’s condition worsens (Adam, Odell and Welch, 2010). Mrs. Smith’s respiratory rate was recorded as 21 breaths/minute, implying dysponea whereas normal respiratory rate ranges between 12 and 18 bpm (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). His pulse was 102 beats/minute confirming tachycardia against a normal pulse range of 60 to 100 beats/minute (Hastings, 2009). Nurses should count the pulse and respiratory rates for a full minute each, giving ample time to observe any abnormalities in pulse rate, rhythm and volume (Smith, et al, 2008). With normal blood pressure ranging from 110/60 and 140/90mmHg (Bishop, 2009), Mr Smith’s blood pressure, measured using both an electronic device and a manual cuff was recorded as mild hypertension at 160/90mmHg. Temperature was checked using an electric tympanic thermometer and Mrs. Smith had moderate pyrexia with a core temperature of 38.9 degrees Celsius indicating possible pathogen invasion (Smith and Field, 2011). A normal core body temperature ranges between 36 to 37.5 degrees Celsius (Smith and Robert, 2011). Arterial blood gases (ABG) test analysis was conducted and pulse oximetry was used to record oxygen saturation which read 87% suggesting hypoxemia. Both Felton (2012) indicated that ABGs analysis produces more accurate oxygen saturation than pulse oximetry. My mentor failed to introduce herself first before she touched the patient, which is important when conducting with patients during the time she did the observations. (Henderson ,2004) stated that nurses have to show impression by recognizing yourself as well as your role delivers patients with the sensitivity that you are honest and that they are being appreciated. Mrs. Smith was given a verbal informative account of giving him oxygen therapy and the reason for doing this by my mentor. Verbal language is one of the vital ways in which we communicate and is more helpful way in both gathering and updating patients of their disorder (Berry, 2007). Communication can be verbal and non- verbal.Peate (2005) states that non- verbal communication reinforces a verbally communicated message. Non-judgemental interactions are focused on therapeutic communication, helps settle emotional conflicts and supports heart to heart talks allowing a patient to feel safe and free to share their true feelings, fears, values, hopes and ideas. There are two ways to send a message and it has to be understood and the feedback to be given (Apker, 2001).A patients has to describe the level of his pain (Steveson, 2004). Nurse must make sure that the patients understands what has been said to them and that it is important (Grover, 2005).Close and open questions normally have the ability to determine a huge amount of accurate information. Mentor who administered oxygen therapy to Mrs. Smith did verbally tell Mrs. Smith what she was going to do since this process has not been done earlier to ensure that Mrs. Smith had understood the process which was going to be done. My mentor was aware of Mrs. Smith’s disorder but she failed to make sure that she agreed the procedure. Unfortunately if one does not practice listening skills correctly and related skills without the patient fully considerate can disturb the beneficial connection and often form an obstacle to message (Andrews Smith, 2001). Environmental obstructions such as a busy ward or a strained nurse can every so often decrease the level of kindness and impact real message (Endacott Cooper, 2009). On the other hand nurses must remain sympathetic all the times towards service user’s regardless of pressure altitudes and amount of work (Von Dietze Orb, 2000).My mentor’s procedure did not act in accordance with the NMC guidelines in respects to gaining consent as she failed to notify the patient of the procedure then Mrs. Smith would not recognised what she was agreeing too. Agreement is complex and it can carries a grade of risk for both service user and healthcare staff. In this state Mrs. Smith was incapable to give consent and the oxygen that acquired was in his best interest. Though, regardless of the service user’s understanding the agreement of consent must still be tried (Green, 1999). Timby, (2005) recommends that a service user’s right to self-government must be supported and ap preciated regardless of gender, race, religion, culture and disability. On the other hand well experienced communication procedures are incompetent if the significant idea of the interactive links goes misunderstood (Arnold Boggs, 2007). Charlton etal (2008) debate that there are two unlike statement styles, biomedical and biopsychosocial. The biomedical style focusses on specific evidence relating to the service user’s disorders that is evidence focused. The biopsychosocial style is a patient centred approach which is directed by determining patients’ requires to offer the most existing message method. My mentor if possible should have designed an action plan to regulate the lively method of collaborating with Mrs. Smith in order to carry out the oxygen procedure. For example every patient is not the same their requirements must be measured prior to carrying out any invasive methods. A patient centred method is said to have a more confident impression on patient results. On the other hand there is slightly study that debates personal skills in compared to a massive amount of rich study that argues simple communication skills regardless of proof suggesting that patient focused on care is the most actual manner (Jones, 2007) Patients with breathing problems have difficulties in speaking especially when they are out of breath. The will have problems in communicating sometimes have barriers when trying to speak or trying to explain themselves. This indicate to a failure in communication and sometimes it can cause their health requirements not be met (Turnbull Chapman, 2010). Kacperek, (1997) describes non-verbal communication as the word used to use to describe all methods of communication not organised by language. Argyle, (1988) advocates that the non-verbal element of communication is five times more prominent than the spoken aspect. When Mrs. Smith was given oxygen, my mentor did not the use of non-verbal communication. Research have time and again revealed that language has no real incidence when interactive with patients (Foley, 2010). Non-verbal achievement such facial expressions,posture,touch eye contact and body language, display many feelings need to have verbalise (Foley, 2010). The Solar acronym is also an aid to recognise and think of the performances that should be applied in order to accomplish real communication (Burnard, 1992). This tool includes of position of seat, leaning near the patient, eye contact and relaxation. If the method of non-verbal communication been there Mrs. Smith might have not been nervous and she should had felt more comfortable (Mason, 2010). Dougherty Lister, (2008) is in contract with this model as he argued that remaining eye contact, take down position to the patient’s level and gently touching the service user hand whilst talking to them it helps them not to be scared. However touch is seen to be a real system of nonverbal communication which be able to put a service user at relax if they are worried or frustrated. It is insignificant to note that this method is not suitable for all patients as not all patients will feel relaxed with understanding can give this as attacking of individual’s space (Heidt, 1981). Communicating with people with COPD appears to problems for health care givers (Thornton, 1999). However, the NMC, (2015) competency standard in still that all nurses are to provide best excellence sympathetic care near moral and cultural issues as well as ill health. Jormfeldt, (2010) has presented that a great level of nursing teachings in both academically and practical settings can definitely impact attitudes of nurse’s views near patients. On the other hand, reflection is appreciated as an important factor of managing in these situations as it gives a method where undergraduate nurses can challenge, relate and analysis their assessment systems and hold the method of alteration to a helpful approach concerning patients with illnesses. Dodd Brunker, (1999) debate that by creating combined partnerships with both carers and authorities who are involved in the patients care can support you to evaluate the patient’s communication skills and their chosen ways of communication. Additionally, in agreement with the NMC (2015) rules it is important that all nurses must treat all patients with respect and self-esteem and not differentiate in any way regardless of their age, gender, race and or disability. To develop the circumstances the nurse who administered the oxygen to Mrs. Smith might have communicated with the patient’s family. Since she came to hospital accompanied by her son, this might have given my mentor a good image concerning Mrs. Smith’s about what she enjoys mostly and what she does not like. This might have given her with the greatest means of method of how to carry out all the process. Family members could have been asked to be there with my mentor which might have allow Mrs. Smith to relax. Nurses should every time put patient’s individual requirements first and recognise what is good for the patient morally rather than that of a qualified staff views only (Mencap, 2007). In conclusion, this essay has revealed the communication skills that were observed throughout the oxygen therapies procedure. It is clear that communication is important in nursing care and that assessments of patients are vital in providing the patient centred care. Though, communication is certainly a value powerful for the real caring. Performance and communication of caring and capability at this time have a main effect on the ability of patients and relations to adjust the update, reflect choices, and adjust to anything deceptions forward. Absence of responsiveness in regards to the best method of communicating with patients can position a great risk to patients as several individuals employed within the healthcare area may not have a perfect understanding of ill patients except they are specialised. Extra preparation may be required to make sure that all wellbeing care workers are capable to offer kindly care to patients with disorders. Patients with illnesses have the right to be cured the similar methods as others, regardless of the severity of their illness as all service user would be allowed to a trained staff and genuine service throughout their understanding surrounded by the healthcare atmosphere. REFERENCES Andrews, C., Smith, J. (2001). Medical nursing. London, United Kingdom: Harcourt publishers. Angermeyer, M.H. (2005). Labeling, Stereotyping Discrimination. Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(5), 391-395. Apker, J. (2001). Role development in the managed care era: A case of hospital-based nursing. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 29(2), 117-136. Argyle, M. (1988). Bodily Communication. London, United Kingdom: Methuen. Arnold, E., Boggs, K. U. (2007). Interpersonal Relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. Berry, D. (2007). Basic forms of communication. Health communication theory and practice. England, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Burnard, P. (1992). A communication skills guide for hospital care workers. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier. Charlton, C. R., Dearing, K. S., Berry, J. A., Johnson, M. J. (2008). Nurse practitioners 10 communication styles and their impact on patient outcomes: an integrated literature review. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20, 382–8. Dougherty, L., Lister, S. (2008). The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Italy: Wiley Blackwell.  27, 10–15. Endacott, R., Cooper, S. (2009). Nursing skills core and advanced. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Foley, G.N. (2010). Non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. Edgemont. 7(6), 38-44 Forchuk, C., Westwell, J., Martin, M., Bamber- Azzapardi, W., Kosterewa-Tolman, D., Hux, M. (2000). The developing nurse-client relationship: Nurses’ perspectives, 6(1), 3-10. Green, C. (1999). Nurses and the law of consent. Nursing Times, 95(5), 44–45. Grover, S.M. (2005). Shaping effective communication skills and therapeutic relationships at work. Aaohan Journal. 53(4), 177-182. Heidt, P. (1981). Effect of therapeutic touch on anxiety level of hospitalised patients. Nursing Research, 30(1), 32-37. Henderson, A. (2004). Emotional labour and nursing. An under appreciated aspect of nursing care. Nursing Inquiry, 8(2), 130-138. Hupcey, J.E., Penrod, J., Morse, J.M., Mitcham, C. (2001). An exploration and advancement of the concept of trust. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 36(2), 282-293. Ian Peate, (2005). Nursing Care and Activities of Living. 2nd ed. John Wiley Son:. Jones, A. (2007). Putting practice into teaching: an exploratory study of nursing undergraduates’ interpersonal skills and the effects of using empirical data as a teaching and learning resource. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 2297–307. Kacperek, L. (1997). Non-verbal communication: the importance of listening. British Journal of Nursing, 6, 275–9. Mason, M.C. (2010). Effective Interaction. Nursing Standard. 24,(31), 25 Mencap. (2007). Death by indifference: following up the Treat me right report. Mencap: London, United Kingdom. Michael, J. (2008). Healthcare for All: A report of the Independent Inquiry into access to healthcare for people with learning disabilities. HMSO: London, United Kingdom. NHS England. (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/forward-view/sop/. Nursing Midwifery Council. (2008). The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives: NMC. London, United Kingdom. Stevenson, C. (2004). Patient and person. Empowering interpersonal relationships in nursing. Elsevier Limited: London, United Kingdom. Timby, B.K. (2005). Fundamental nursing skills and concepts. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Publishing. Turnbull, J., Chapman, S. (2010). Supporting choice in health care for people with learning disabilities. Nursing Standard. 24(22), 50-55. Von Dietze, E., Orb, A. (2000). Compassionate care: a moral dimension of nursing. Nursing Inquiry, 7(3), 166-174.

Erythroxylum: The Coca Plant :: Botany

Erythroxylum: The Coca Plant The coca plant is a member of the order Geraniales and the family Erythroxylaceae. There are four genera with an estimated 200 species in Erythroxylaceae (De Witt, 1967). Coca was first described as Erythroxylum by A.L. Jussieu in 1783. It was given the binomial Erythroxylum coca by Lamarck in 1786. Early botanists believed that all coca plants were of the same species. Later researchers found that two species of domesticated coca existed. These are Erythroxylum coca Lam. and Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (Rury and Plowman, 1983). The two species have two varieties, Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. coca, E. coca var. Ipuda Plowman, E. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron var. novogranatense, and E. novogranatense var. truxillense (Rusby) Plowman (Plowman, 1983). Distribution Coca is grown in South America, Africa, Ceylon, Taiwan, Indonesia and Formosa (De Witt, 1967). Coca is most commonly associated with its center of origin, the South American Montana zone of the eastern Andes below 2000m (Bray & Dollery, 198:3). According to Rury and Plowman (1983) E. coca var. Coca, Huanuco or Bolivian coca is the ancestral variety. Bolivian coca grows in the moist tropical forests of the eastern Andes of Peru and Bolivia. This variety is the only one of the four found growing wild. Bolivian coca is the major source of commercially produced coca leaves and cocaine. Amazon coca, E. coca var. ipuda is cultivated in the lowland Amazon. It has been suggested that this variety is a lowland cultigen of Bolivian coca. In contrast to Bolivian coca it is not found growing wild (Rury and Plowman, 1993). E. novogranatense var. truxillense or Trujillo coca is a hardy, drought resistant variety. It is found growing in river valleys of coastal Peru and other arid areas of this region. Bohm, Ganders & Plowman (1982) state that this variety displays many characteristics that are intermediate between E. coca var. coca and E. novogranatense var. novogranatense, and may represent an evolutionary stage between these species. E. novogranatense var. novogranatense or Colombian coca is cultivated in both moist and dry areas in the Colombian mountains. It is also drought tolerant and is not found growing outside Cultivation. Evidence shows that this variety maybe the most evolved species (Rury & Plowman, 1983). Cultivation Coca plants are small evergreen shrubs with reddish brown bark. They have many small branchlets with elliptical-obovate opposite leaves measuring 4-7 cm. in length and 3-4 cm.